Letteratura ebraica in America/Appendice
CRONOLOGIA EBRAICA
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★ Primo viaggio di Cristoforo Colombo. Si dice che tra il suo equipaggio ci fossero cripto-ebrei.
1654 Ventitré ebrei sefarditi indigenti arrivano a New Amsterdam dal Brasile. La congregazione Shearith Israel viene fondata nel 1656.
1658 Newport, Rhode Island diventa la patria degli ebrei.
1722 Conversione pubblica di all'Harvard College.
1740 Il Parlamento approva una legge che consente agli ebrei di diventare cittadini nelle colonie britanniche.
1775 Battaglia di Lexington e Concord. Inizia la Rivoluzione Americana.
1776 Dichiarazione d'Indipendenza. Francis Salvador, patriota ebreo, ucciso in battaglia.
1790 Moses Seixas e la Newport Congregation danno il benvenuto al Presidente Washington a Newport.
—— Circa 1 500 ebrei negli Stati Uniti.
1820 Popolazione ebraica raddoppia a 3 000.
1825 Cornerstone ceremony for Ararat, Mordecai M. Noah’s planned Jewish colony near Buffalo, New York.
1826 Law passed in Maryland allowing Jews to hold public office.
1836 Popolazione ebraica raggiunge 6 000.
—— Inizia immigrazione di ebrei tedeschi dalla Bavaria.
1843 Isaac Leeser fonda The Occident a Philadelphia.
—— B’nai Brith, fondata loggia ebraica.
1854 Isaac Mayer Wise, History of the Israelitish Nation. Fonda il The American Israelite a Cincinatti.
—— Lévi-Strauss vende pantaloni di canvas ai minatori in California.
1860 Popolazione ebraica arriva a 150 000.
—— Wise pubblica First of the Maccabees.
—— Abraham Lincoln eletto Presidente. L'anno dopo inizia la Guerra Civile.
1862 Judah Benjamin, former US Senator, becomes Attorney General and, later, Secretary of State of the Confederacy.
1881 A quarter million Jews in the United States.
—— Pogroms in Russia. Mass immigration of East European Jews begins.
1882 Emma Lazarus, Songs of a Semite.
1883 Fundraising event for pedestal to Statue of Liberty. Emma Lazarus contributes “The New Colossus.”
1885 Pittsburgh Platform, renouncing Jewish nationality, adopted by Reform rabbis.
1888 Famed Orthodox preacher Rabbi Jacob Joseph of Vilna becomes Chief Rabbi of New York.
—— Jewish Publication Society of America founded in Philadelphia.
1892 American Jewish Historical Society fondata.
1896 Abraham Cahan, Yekl: A Tale of the New York Ghetto.
1897 Fondazione dello Yiddish Daily Forward a New York.
1898 Morris Rosenfeld, Songs from the Ghetto.
1900 Jacob Gordin, God, Man, and the Devil.
—— Oltre 1 000 000 ebrei negli Stati Uniti.
1901 Jewish Encyclopedia inizia pubblicazione.
1904 The Jewish Museum fondato a New York City.
1909 Gertrude Stein, Three Lives.
1912 Mary Antin, The Promised Land.
—— Henrietta Szold founds Hadassah women’s organization to aid Jews in Palestine.
1913 Linciaggio di Leo Frank.
1914 Inizia la Prima guerra mondiale.
1915 Horace Kallen, “Democracy Versus the Melting Pot.”
—— Fondazione del Menorah Journal.
1916 Funerale di Sholem Aleichem a Manhattan.
—— Louis Brandeis, nominato primo giudice ebreo della Corte Suprema.
1917 Abraham Cahan, The Rise of David Levinsky.
—— Rivoluzione comunista in Russia.
1918 Sholem Asch, Uncle Moses.
—— Mani Leyb, Lider (Poems).
—— Rose Cohen, Out of the Shadow: A Russian Jewish Girlhood on the Lower East Side.
1919 Moyshe-Leyb Halpern, In nyu york (In New York).
1920 Anzia Yezierska, Hungry Hearts.
—— Nearly 3,5 million Jews in the United States.
1921 Joseph Opatoshu, In Polish Woods.
—— Judah Leib Lazerow, Mateh Yehuda (The Staff of Judah).
1922 Ludwig Lewisohn, Up Stream: An American Chronicle.
—— Hebrew newspaper HaDoar begins publication.
1923 Marcus Loew e Louis B. Mayer fondano la Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Corporation (MGM).
1924 Johnson Act limita l'immigrazione.
1925 Anzia Yezierska, Bread Givers.
1926 Edna Ferber, Show Boat.
1927 Al Jolson stars in The Jazz Singer.
1929 Anna Margolin, Lider (Poems).
—— The Goldbergs begins on radio.
—— Stock market crashes. Great Depression begins.
1930 Michael Gold, Jews Without Money.
1931 I Fratelli Marx interpretano Monkey Business di S. J. Perelman.
—— Lamed Shapiro, New Yorkish.
—— Charles Reznikoff, By the Waters of Manhattan.
1932 Fannie Hurst, Imitation of Life.
—— H. Leivick, Lider (Poems).
1933 Israel Efros, Vigvamim Shotkim (Silent Wigwams).
—— Charles Reznikoff, Testimony.
—— Albert Einstein fugge dalla Germania nazista, arriva negli Stati Uniti.
1934 Henry Roth, Call It Sleep.
—— Mordecai Kaplan, Judaism as a Civilization.
—— Tess Slesinger, The Unpossessed.
—— Daniel Fuchs, Summer in Williamsburg.
—— Fondazione del Partisan Review.
—— Baseball star Hank Greenberg decides not to play for Detroit Tigers on Yom Kippur.
1935 Clifford Odets, Waiting for Lefty.
1937 Meyer Levin, The Old Bunch.
—— Delmore Schwartz, In Dreams Begin Responsibilities.
—— Ephraim Lisitzky, Medurot do’akhot (Dying Campfires).
—— Kadya Molodowsky, In the Country of My Bones.
—— Jacob Glatstein, Yidishtaytshn.
1938 Muriel Rukeyser, Book of the Dead.
—— Irving Berlin, “God Bless America.” The song is sung at both the Democratic and Republican conventions the following year.
1939 Nathanael West, The Day of the Locust.
—— Inizia la Seconda guerra mondiale. I primi resoconti dell'Olocausto giungono negli Stati Uniti.
—— Popolazione ebraica raggiunge 4 000 000.
1943 Jacob Glatstein, Gedenklider (Memory Poems).
1945 Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Family Moskat.
—— Fondazione di Commentary magazine.
1946 Isaac Rosenfeld, Passage from Home.
—— Jo Sinclair, Wasteland.
—— Sholem Asch, East River.
1947 Laura Hobson, Gentleman’s Agreement.
—— Arthur Miller, All My Sons.
5 000 000 ebrei negli Stati Uniti.
1948 Irwin Shaw, The Young Lions.
—— Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead.
—— Israele dichiara l'indipendenza. Guerra con gli stati arabi limitrofi.
1949 Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman.
—— Ephraim Lisitsky, Eleh toledot adam (In the Grip of Cross-Currents).
1950 Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination.
—— Your Show of Shows debutta sulla NBC.
1951 Alfred Kazin, A Walker in the City.
—— Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union. Sentenced to death by Judge Irving Kaufman. Executed in 1953.
1952 Leslie Fiedler, An End to Innocence.
1953 Isaac Bashevis Singer, “Gimpel the Fool”.
—— Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March. Primo National Book Award ad uno scrittore ebreo.
1955 Herman Wouk, Marjorie Morningstar.
1956 Saul Bellow, Seize the Day.
—— Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man.
—— Allen Ginsberg, Howl and Other Poems.
—— The Diary of a Young Girl (Anna Frank) apre a Broadway.
1957 Bernard Malamud, The Assistant.
1958 Bernard Malamud, The Magic Barrel.
—— Karl Shapiro, Poems of a Jew.
—— John Hollander, A Crackling of Thorns.
—— Leon Uris, Exodus.
1959 Grace Paley, Little Disturbances of Man.
—— Philip Roth, Goodbye, Columbus.
—— First appearance of satirical comic strip “Feiffer” by Jules Feiffer.
1960 Elie Wiesel, Night.
1961 Tillie Olsen, Tell Me a Riddle.
—— Allen Ginsberg, Kaddish and Other Poems.
—— Joseph Heller, Catch-22.
—— Edward Wallant, The Pawnbroker.
—— Processo Eichmann a Gerusalemme.
1963 Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique. Tre anni dopo co-fonda la National Organization for Women (NOW).
1964 Saul Bellow, Herzog.
—— Civil Rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Cheney murdered in Mississippi.
—— Fiddler on the Roof opens on Broadway.
1965 Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture.
—— Norman Mailer, An American Dream.
—— Bob Dylan, “Like a Rolling Stone.”
—— Neil Simon, The Odd Couple.
—— Joseph B. Soloveitchik, “The Lonely Man of Faith.”
—— Vatican Council repudiates Jewish collective guilt for execution of Jesus.
—— Sandy Koufaxrefuses to pitch in the World Series on Yom Kippur.
1966 Elie Wiesel, The Jews of Silence.
—— Louis Zukofsky, All the Collected Short Poems.
—— Susan Sontag, Against Interpretation.
1967 Chaim Potok, The Chosen.
—— Guerra dei Sei Giorni in Israele.
1968 Barbra Streisand interpreta Funny Girl.
1969 Philip Roth, Portnoy’s Complaint.
1970 Saul Bellow, Mr Sammler’s Planet.
1971 Adrienne Rich, When We Dead Awaken.
—— E. L. Doctorow, The Book of Daniel.
—— Cynthia Ozick, The Pagan Rabbi.
1972 Isaac Bashevis Singer, Enemies, A Love Story.
—— Lionel Trilling, Sincerity and Authenticity.
—— Leslie Fiedler, To the Gentiles.
—— First woman ordained as Reform rabbi.
1973 Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck.
—— Maxine Kumin, Up Country.
—— Erica Jong, Fear of Flying.
—— Harold Bloom, The Anxiety of Influence.
—— The Jewish Catalog: A Do It Yourself Kit.
—— Henry Kissinger primo ebreo nominato Secretary of State.
—— Yom Kippur War in Israel.
1974 Grace Paley, Enormous Changes at the Last Minute.
1975 E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime.
—— David Mamet, American Buffalo.
—— Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self.
1976 Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers.
—— Marge Piercy, Woman on the Edge of Time.
—— Premio Nobel per la Letteratura assegnato a Saul Bellow.
1977 Irving Howe, ed. Jewish American Stories.
—— Woody Allen, Annie Hall.
1978 Premio Nobel per la Letteratura assegnato a Isaac Bashevis Singer.
1979 Philip Roth, The Ghost Writer.
1980 Cynthia Ozick, The Shawl.
—— Geoffrey Hartman, Criticism in the Wilderness.
—— Popolazione ebraica negli USA raggiunge 6 000 000.
1982 Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive.
—— Adrienne Rich, “Split at the Root, An Essay on Jewish Identity.”
1984 Robert Pinsky, The History of My Heart.
1985 Lore Segal, Her First American.
1986 Art Spiegelman, MAUS, a Survivor’s Tale.
—— Benjamin and Barbara Harshav, eds. American Yiddish Poetry.
—— Sanford Budick and Geoffrey Hartman, eds., Midrash and Literature.
—— Fondazione della rivista Tikkun.
1987 Philip Roth, The Counterlife.
—— Jorie Graham, The End of Beauty.
—— Jonathan Pollard condannato per spionaggio a favore di Israele.
1988 Wendy Wasserstein, The Heidi Chronicles.
1989 Howard Nemerov primo ebreo nominato Poet Laureate of the United States.
—— Primo episodio di Seinfeld.
1990 Irena Klepfisz, A Few Words in the Mother Tongue.
—— Joyce Antler, ed. America and I: Short Stories by American Jewish Women Writers.
1993 Rebecca Goldstein, Strange Attractors.
—— Apertura dell'Holocaust Museum a Washington.
1994 Henry Roth, Mercy of a Rude Stream.
—— Tony Kushner, Angels in America.
—— Schindler’s List di Steven Spielberg vince Academy Award (Oscar).
1995 Melvin Bukiet, While the Messiah Tarries.
—— Victor Perera, The Cross and the Pear Tree, A Sephardic Journey.
1996 Thane Rosenbaum, Elijah Visible.
—— “Too Jewish?: Challenging Traditional Identities” apre al Jewish Museum, New York.
—— Presidente Bill Clinton partecipa ai funerali del primo ministro israeliano assassinato, Yitzhak Rabin.
1997 Cynthia Ozick, The Puttermesser Papers.
—— Philip Roth, American Pastoral.
—— Allegra Goodman, Kaaterskill Falls.
—— Aryeh Lev Stollman, The Far Euphrates.
—— Diane Matza, ed. Sephardic–American Voices.
1999 Jaqueline Osherow, Dead Man’s Praise.
—— Marge Piercy, The Art of Blessing the Day.
—— Joseph Lieberman candidato Democratic Vice-Presidential (muore nel marzo 2024 a causa di una caduta nella sua casa del Bronx).
2000 Philip Roth, The Human Stain.
—— Saul Bellow, Ravelstein.
2001 Bob Dylan, Love and Theft.
—— Pubblicazione di Jewish American Literature: A Norton Anthology.
☆☆☆...nuovo millennio (dall'anno ebraico 5761 in poi) tutto da scrivere!
